@Article{CunhaZeriGuidBranOmet:2022:HoSuNi,
               author = "Cunha Zeri, Gisleine da Silva and Guidolini, Janaina Ferreira and 
                         Branco, Evandro Albiach and Ometto, Jean Pierre Henry Balbaud",
          affiliation = "{Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto 
                         Tecnol{\'o}gico de Aeron{\'a}utica (ITA)} and {Instituto 
                         Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)} and {Instituto Nacional de 
                         Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)}",
                title = "How sustainable is the nitrogen management in Brazil? A 
                         sustainability assessment using the Entropy Weight Method",
              journal = "Journal of Environmental Management",
                 year = "2022",
               volume = "316",
                pages = "e115330",
                month = "Aug.",
                 note = "{Pr{\^e}mio CAPES Elsevier 2023 - ODS 2: Fome zero e Agricultura 
                         sustent{\'a}vel} and {Pr{\^e}mio CAPES Elsevier 2023 - ODS 8: 
                         Trabalho decente e crescimento econ{\^o}mico}",
             keywords = "Fertilizer consumption, Nitrogen pollution, Political instability, 
                         Reactive nitrogen, Sustainable development goals, Sustainable 
                         nitrogen management.",
             abstract = "Nitrogen pollution is one of Brazil's most threatening and 
                         challenging environmental problems, caused mainly by productive 
                         activities aimed at meeting the demand of food, energy, and 
                         housing by a fast-growing population. Sustainable nitrogen 
                         management involves optimizing the beneficial effects of reactive 
                         nitrogen (Nr) use and, at the same time, mitigating the negative 
                         impacts of its excess on the environment and human health. Here we 
                         conduct an assessment of nitrogen sustainability in Brazil from 
                         2000 to 2018 applying the Entropy Weight Method (EWM) to a set of 
                         nitrogen-related indicators within four subsystems: environmental, 
                         economic, social, and institutional. Our research objectives are 
                         to determine an overall Nitrogen Sustainability Index and discuss 
                         the relevance of indicators linked to the main anthropogenic 
                         sources of nitrogen pollution. By our analysis, the following 
                         indicators play a key role in determining nitrogen sustainability 
                         levels in the country: political stability, fertilizer 
                         consumption, population growth, and investments in water and 
                         sanitation. Our findings suggest that political and institutional 
                         concerns are greatly impacting sustainable actions towards 
                         nitrogen management, leading Brazil to reach only a weak-to-basic 
                         level of sustainability in the studied period. We highlight that 
                         neglecting the problems caused by the unsustainable nitrogen 
                         management can increase environmental, economic, and social 
                         issues, and jeopardize the achievement of the Sustainable 
                         Development Goals (SDGs). In addition to fostering of 
                         sustainability goals on the agriculture and energy sectors from 
                         the environmental, socioeconomic, and political perspectives, the 
                         importance of this assessment lies in supporting governments, 
                         policymakers, and civil society to develop sustainable nitrogen 
                         roadmaps to significantly reduce nitrogen waste by 2030, as 
                         outlined in the 2019 Colombo Declaration on Sustainable Nitrogen 
                         Management backed by the UN Environment Programme.",
                  doi = "10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115330",
                  url = "http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115330",
                 issn = "0301-4797",
             language = "en",
           targetfile = "cunha_2022_how.pdf",
        urlaccessdate = "2024, Apr. 30"
}